Pulmonary Reading List

1. Asthma
   1. Websites with guidelines on asthma management
      1. NHLBI/NIH (National Heart Lung Blood Institute/National Institutes of Health). This is the most recent and comprehensive 2007 updated guidelines on asthma management.
      2. GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma). Comprehensive guidelines from a global perspective on asthma management.
   2. Important study that led to the recommendation against use of long acting beta agonists as solo therapy for asthma
      1. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, et al, SMART Study Group. The salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial. Chest 2006; 130:928.
         This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, observational study (N= 26,355) showed a small, but statistically significant increase in respiratory-related and asthma-related deaths for the population receiving salmeterol. It is uncertain whether poor outcomes were due to physiologic treatment effects, genetic factors, lack of concomitant inhaled corticosteroid use, or patient behaviors.
2. COPD
   1. Websites with guidelines on COPD management
      1. GOLD (Global initiative for obstructive lung disease). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD: Most recently updated in 2008.
   2. Impact of combination of inhaled steroid and long-acting bronchodilators on lung function, exacerbations, and mortality
      1. Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:775-89.
   3. Supplemental oxygen
      1. NOTT group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic COPD. Ann Intern Med 1980;93: 391-8.
         Famous multicenter study showing use of continuous oxygen therapy (>17 hr/d) resulted in lower mortality than use of nocturnal therapy (12 hr/d) in patients with PaO2 55 mmHg or PaO2 59 mmHg and pulmonary hypertension, right-sided failure, or Hct 55%.
   4. Lung volume reduction surgery
      1. Fishman A, Martinez F, Naunheim K, et al. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema: NETT Research Group. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2059-73.
   5. Survival
      1. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1005-12.
         This study found a combination of BMI, FEV1, modified MRC dyspnea scale, and 6 minute walk (i.e. the BODE index) was a better predictor of mortality than FEV1 alone.
3. Cystic fibrosis
   1. Guidelines
      1. Flume PA, Mogayzel PJ Jr, Robinson KA, et al.Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: treatment of pulmonary exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:802-8.
      2. Flume PA, O’Sullivan BP, Robinson KA, et al. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:957-969.
      3. Flume PA, Mogayzel PJ Jr, Robinson KA, et al. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: pulmonary complications: hemoptysis and pneumothorax. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Aug 1;182(3):298-306.
4. Drug induced pulmonary diseases
   1. www.pneumotox.com
      1. This is the most comprehensive website for drug induced pulmonary diseases. There are two ways to search this site – 1) enter the drug name and then the website provides different patterns of pulmonary abnormalities associated with the drug or 2) enter the abnormal radiographic pattern which then allows search of drugs that can lead to the abnormal pattern
5. Hemoptysis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
   1. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
      1. Ioachimescu OC, Stoller JK. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: diagnosing it and finding the cause. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008. Apr: 75 (4):258-265.
   2. Hemoptysis
      1. Lordan JL, Gascoigne A, Corris PA. The pulmonary physician in critical care * Illustrative case 7: Assessment and management of massive haemoptysis. Thorax. 2003; 58:814-9.
         An outstanding and practical approach of evaluating and managing massive hemoptysis.
6. Interstitial lung diseases
   1. Overviews
      1. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:277-304.
         Written to standardize the diagnostic criteria and terminology for idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, this article summarizes the clinical, radiologic, and histologic features of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
   2. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
      1. Recent advances in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):637-50. Review. Noth I, Martinez FJ.
      2. Demedts M, Behr J, Buhl R, et al, IFIGENIA Study Group. High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:2229-42.
         Multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study which determined that high-dose oral acetylcysteine added to prednisone and azathioprine resulted in modest benefit in terms of preserving vital capacity and DLCO but offered no survival advantage.
      3. Martinez FJ, Safrin S, Weycker D, et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:963-7.
         These results indicate IPF exacerbations in patients with milder disease are not uncommon.
      4. Flaherty KR, King TE, Raghu G et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: what is the effect of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:904-10. This study found radiologists and clinicians with expertise in ILD reliably diagnose IPF without a lung biopsy when the clinical and imaging features are typical of IPF.
7. Mycobacterium
   1. Nontuberculous Mycobacterium
      1. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. The official ATS/IDSA statement :Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:367-416.
         This statement provides a general overview of NTM pathogenesis, presentation, and diagnosis as well as treatment recommendations on specific organisms.
   2. Tuberculosis
      1. WHO (World Health Organization) web site which includes links to the most updated guidelines on tuberculosis treatment. Includes links to tuberculosis treatment for MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis.
8. Neuromuscular disorders
   1. Bourke SC, Tomlinson M, Williams TL, et al. Effects of non-invasive ventilation on survival and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5:140-7.
   2. Practice parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1218-26.
9. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
   1. Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Nava S, Hill N. Lancet. 2009 Jul 18;374(9685):250-9. Comprehensive review of indications for NIPPV for acute respiratory failure.
10. Pneumonia
    1. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 2:S27-72.
11. Pulmonary hypertension
    1. McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association: developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Inc., and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. Circulation 2009; 28:119:2250-94.
       Outstanding and comprehensive review of management of pulmonary hypertension
12. Sarcoidosis
    1. Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European respiratory society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders (WASOG). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug;160(2):736-55. Review.
    2. Judson M. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2008; 415-427.
    3. Baughman RP, Costabel U, du Bois RM. Treatment of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2008; 29:533-48.
13. Sleep Disorders
    1. Obstructive sleep apnea
       1. Sullivan CE, Berthon-Jones M, Issa FQ et al. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1981 April 18; 1(8225):862-5.
          First description of CPAP in the treatment of OSA.
       2. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1046-53.
          The best of a growing number of observational studies indicating that non-adherence to CPAP therapy is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
       3. Lee W, Nagubadi S, Kryger MH, Moklesi B. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea: a population based perspective. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2008 Jun 1;2(3):349-364.
          Comprehensive review of available literature on epidemiology and adverse cardiovascular disorders implicated with OSA syndrome.
    2. Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
       1. Mokhlesi B, Kryger MH, Grunstein RR. Assessment and management of patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008; 5:218-25.
          Reviews the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, morbidity, mortality, and currently available treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.
       2. Lee WY, Mokhlesi. Diagnosis and management of obesity hypoventilation syndrome in the ICU. Crit Care Clin. 2008 Jul;24(3):533-49.
          In depth discussion regarding management of acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure of OHS patients in the ICU.
14. Solitary pulmonary nodule
    1. Gould MK, Fletcher J, Iannettoni MD, et al. Evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer?: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132(3 Suppl):108S-130S.
    2. MacMahon H, Austin JH, Gamsu G, et al. Guidelines for management of small pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans: A statement from the Fleischner Society. Radiology 2005; 237:395-400.
       This statement recommends less aggressive follow-up of small (6 mm or less) pulmonary nodules based on findings from recent lung cancer screening studies.
15. Thromboembolic diseases (DVT and pulmonary embolism)
    1. Agnelli G and Becattini. Acute pulmonary embolism. NEJM. 2010; 363:266-274.
    2. Tapson VF. Acute pulmonary embolism. NEJM. 2008; 358(10):1037-52.