Acid Base

1. Forsythe SM1, Schmidt GA. Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of lactic acidosis. Chest. 2000 Jan;117(1):260-7.

Acute Respiratory distress Syndrome (ARDS)

1. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301-8.
2. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2564-75.
3. Briel M, Meade M, et al. Higher vs lower PEEP in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome – systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;303(9):865-873.
4. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, et al. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:683-93.
5. Papazian L, Forel JM, et al.  Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome.  N Engl J Med. 2010. 363(12): 1107-1116.
6. Piantadosi CA and Schwartz DA. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Ann Intern Med.2004;141:460-470. [Review of the physiology of ARDS]

Antibiotic Therapy

1. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, et al. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13;132(15):1435-86. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296. Epub 2015 Sep 15.
2. Chastre J1, Wolff M. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Nov 19;290(19):2588-98.
3. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, et al. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000 Jul;118(1):146-55.
4. Kalil AC, Metersky ML,et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-e111. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw353. Epub 2016 Jul 14.
5. Kollef MH, Sherman G, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999 Feb;115(2):462-74.
6. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44 Suppl 2:S27-72.
7. Marik PE, Careau P. The role of anaerobes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia: a prospective study. Chest. 1999 Jan;115(1):178-83.
8. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ,et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;39(9):1267-84. Epub 2004 Oct 6.

Blood Products

1. Hébert PC, Wells G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):409-17.
2. Villanueva C, Colomo A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 3;368(1):11-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211801.

Critical Care Ultrasound

1. Boniface KS1, Calabrese KY. Intensive care ultrasound: IV. Abdominal ultrasound in critical care. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Dec;10(6):713-24. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201309-324OT.
2. Cardenas-Garcia J, Mayo PH. Bedside ultrasonography for the intensivist. Crit Care Clin. 2015 Jan;31(1):43-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2014.08.003. Epub 2014 Oct 3.
3. Lichtenstein D. Lung ultrasound in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014 Jun;20(3):315-22. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000096.
4. Lichtenstein DA. Ultrasound in the management of thoracic disease. Crit Care Med. 2007 May;35(5 Suppl):S250-61.

Endocrine issues in the ICU

1. Marik PE, Pastores SM, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: Consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36:1937–1949.
2. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1283-97.
3. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2012 Sep 20;367(12):1108-18.
4. van den Berghe G, Wouters P. et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67.

Fluid Management

1. Boyd JH. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):259-65. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feeb15.
2. Durairaj L, Schmidt GA. Fluid therapy in resuscitated sepsis: less is more. Chest. 2008 Jan;133(1):252-63. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-1496.
3. Finfer S. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 27;350(22):2247-56.
4. Marik PE, et al. Hemodynamic parameters to guide fluid therapy. Ann Intensive Care. 2011 Mar 21;1(1):1. doi: 10.1186/2110-5820-1-1.
5. Marik PE, Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest. 2008 Jul;134(1):172-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2331.
6. Murphy CV, et al. The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock. Chest. 2009 Jul;136(1):102-9. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-2706. Epub 2009 Mar 24.
7. Myburgh JA. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 15;367(20):1901-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209759. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
8. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2564-75. Epub 2006 May 21.
9. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network. Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 25;354(21):2213-24. Epub 2006 May 21.
10. Perel P, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD000567. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub6.

GI Bleeding in the ICU

1. Cook DJ, Fuller HD, et al. Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:377-381.

HIV in the ICU

1. Huang L, Quartin A, et al. Intensive care of patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:173-81.

Mechanical ventilation

1. Boles JM et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J. 2007; May 29 (5): 1033-56.
2. Brochard L. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;150(4):896-903.
3. Ely EW, Baker AM, et al. Effect of the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1864-9.
4. Esteban A, et al.Effect of spontaneous breathing trial duration on outcome of attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Feb;159(2):512-8.
5. Esteban A, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Feb 9;332(6):345-50.
6. Girard TD, Kress JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2008; 371: 126–34.
7. MacIntyre M.  Discontinuing mechanical ventilatory support. Chest.  2007; 132: 1049-1056.
8. Tobin MJ. Advances in mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344:1986-96. [Intended for review of some basic concepts of the ventilator, including patient-ventilator interactions].

Pharmacology

1. Jakob SM, Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2012 Mar 21;307(11):1151-60. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.304.
2. Kress JP, et al., Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 18;342(20):1471-7.
3. Pandharipande PP, et al., Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2644-53.
4. Riker RR, et al., Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009 Feb 4;301(5):489-99. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.56. Epub 2009 Feb 2.

Quality and safety issues in the ICU

1. Pronovost P, Needham D, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2725-32.

Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation

1. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1301-8.
2. Afshari A. Aerosolized prostacyclin for acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4;(8):CD007733. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007733.pub2.
3. Afshari A, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD002787. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002787.pub2.
4. ARDS Definition Task Force. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012 Jun 20;307(23):2526-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.5669.
5. ARDS Net - Mechanical Ventilation Protocol Summary
6. ARDS Net - Tidal Volume Table
7. Briel M, et al. Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010 Mar 3;303(9):865-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.218.
8. Chandra D. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan 15;185(2):152-9. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201106-1094OC. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
9. Esan A, et al. Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: part 1--ventilatory strategies. Chest. 2010 May;137(5):1203-16. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2415.
10. Ferguson ND, et al. High-frequency oscillation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 28;368(9):795-805. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215554. Epub 2013 Jan 22.
11. Guérin C, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 6;368(23):2159-68. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1214103. Epub 2013 May 20.
12. IMPROVE Study Group. A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 1;369(5):428-37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301082.
13. Keenan SP, et.al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in the acute care setting. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 22;183(3):E195-214. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.100071. Epub 2011 Feb 14.
14. Masip J, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005 Dec 28;294(24):3124-30.
15. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 22;351(4):327-36.
16. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 20;354(16):1671-84.
17. Papazian L, et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16;363(12):1107-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1005372.
18. Papazian L, et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 16;363(12):1107-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1005372. Supplement.
19. Pipeling MR, et al. Therapies for refractory hypoxemia in acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2010 Dec 8;304(22):2521-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1752.
20. Raoof S. et al. Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: part 2--nonventilatory strategies. Chest. 2010 Jun;137(6):1437-48. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2416.
21. Singer BD, Corbridge TC. Basic invasive mechanical ventilation. South Med J. 2009 Dec;102(12):1238-45. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181bfac4f.
22. Singer BD, Corbridge TC. Pressure modes of invasive mechanical ventilation. South Med J. 2011 Oct;104(10):701-9. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31822da7fa.

Sedation management

1. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1471-7.
2. Pisani MA, Kong SYJ, et al. Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 180:1092-1097.

Sepsis, Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

1. Annane D. Corticosteroids for severe sepsis: an evidence-based guide for physicians. Ann Intensive Care. 2011 Apr 13;1(1):7. doi: 10.1186/2110-5820-1-7.
2. Annane D, Bellissant E, et al. Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2004 Aug 28;329(7464):480. Epub 2004 Aug 2.
3. Annane D, Bellissant E, et al. Coritcosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults – a systematic review. JAMA. 2009;301(22):2362-75.
4. ARISE Investigators. Goal-Directed Resuscitation for Patients with Early Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1496-506. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1404380. Epub 2014 Oct 1.
5. Bernard GR, Vincent J-L, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:699-709.
6. De Backer D, Biston P, et al. Comparison of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in the Treatment of Shock. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):779-89. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907118.
7. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36:296–327.
8. Hollenberg SM. Vasopressor support in septic shock. Chest. 2007; 132:1678–1687.
9. Kumar A, Roberts D, et al., Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1589-96.
10. Morelli A, Ertmer C, et al. Effect of Heart Rate Control With Esmolol on Hemodynamic and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Septic Shock A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2013 Oct 23;310(16):1683-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278477.
11. ProCESS Investigators. A Randomized Trial of Protocol-Based Care for Early Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 1;370(18):1683-93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401602. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
12. ProCESS Investigators. Supplement to: A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1683-93
13. ProMISe Trial Investigators. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 2;372(14):1301-11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1500896. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
14. Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, et al. Association between timing of antibiotic administration and mortality from septic shock in patients treated with a quantitative resuscitation protocol. Crit Care Med. 2011 Sep;39(9):2066-71. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821e87ab.
15. Rivers E, Nguyen B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368-77.
16. Russell JA. Management of Sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1699-713.
17. Sprung CL1, Annane D, et al. Hydrocortisone Therapy for Patients with Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 10;358(2):111-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa071366.
18. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006 Feb;34(2):344-53.

Therapeutic hypothermia for cardiac arrest

1. Holzer M. Targeted temperature management for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:1256-64. [This is a NEJM clinical vignette with a thorough review of the literature and recommendations regarding use of therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest]

Thromboembolic Disease

1. Hao Q, Dong, BR, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD004437. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004437.pub4.
2. Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 Apr 26;123(16):1788-830. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214914f. Epub 2011 Mar 21.
3. Jiménez D, Aujesky D, et al. Simplification of the pulmonary embolism severity index for prognostication in patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Aug 9;170(15):1383-9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.199.
4. Kuo WT, Banerjee A, et al. Pulmonary Embolism Response to Fragmentation, Embolectomy, and Catheter Thrombolysis (PERFECT): Initial Results From a Prospective Multicenter Registry. Chest. 2015 Sep;148(3):667-73. doi: 10.1378/chest.15-0119.
5. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Part II: Treatment and Prophylaxis. Circulation. 2006 Jul 18;114(3):e42-7.
6. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Management of Submassive Pulmonary Embolism. Circulation 2010;122;1124-1129
7. Young T, Tang H, et al. Vena caval filters for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD006212.

Thromboembolic Disease